Ксило-Олигозахариди (XOS)
Ксило-Олигозахаридите (XOS) са пребиотични фибри, намиращи се в естествени източници, но в недостатъчна концентрация за всички пребиотични ефекти [1][2]. НАТВИ Хелткеър използва Ксило-Олигозахариди (XOS) в своите продукти, произведени чрез ензимен биосинтез на ксилан от царевичен кочан, позволявайки максималната концентрация от най-малко 95%.
IMO са въглехидрати, които са класифицирани като несмилаеми Олигозахариди (NDO) [3]. NDOs представляват една от най-важните съставки в храните, осигурявайки не само важна хранителна стойност и органолептично качество, но и функционални свойства, полезни за човешкото здраве и благополучие [4].
Ксило-Олигозахаридите (XOS) не се усвояват от човешките ензими, а се ферментират от пробиотиците в дебелото черво, като селективно поддържат растежа предимно на Lactobacillus и Bifidobacterium [5][37][38]. Допълнителни положителни ефекти са увеличаване количеството на полезните бактерии като Faecalibacterium prausnitzii и Akkermansia muciniphila, както и потискане растежа на патогенните Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Bacteroides, Campylobacter и Actinomyces [38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Ферментацията на XOS води до множество метаболити, от които основната група са късоверижните мастни киселини (SCFA) и най-вече повишено производство на ацетат, пропионат и бутират [48]. SCFAs играят решаваща роля за човешкото здраве [7].
Ползи от XOS:
Модулиране на стомашно-чревната микробиота, стимулиране на пробиотичния растеж [8][38]
Намалено чревно рН [9][38]
Увеличаване нивата на SCFA [9]
Инхибиране на патогени в чревната микрофлора [10] [11] [12] [13][38]
Намаляване на кръвната захар, серумните липиди и холестерола [49]
Подобрено усвояване на минерали и витамини [10] [11][14] [49]
Подобряване на имунната функция и имунологичните свойства, с имуномодулиращ ефект [38][45]
Антитуморни ефекти [38]
Антиоксидантни ефекти [38]
Подобрява функцията на червата [45]
Противовъзпалително и антиалергично действие [45]
Ефект при възстановяването и заздравяването на чревната лигавица, и подобряване на симптомите на дебелото черво при улцерозен колит (UC), и възпалителните заболявания на червата (IBD) [47]
Редуцира натрупването на мазнини в черния дроб, адипогенеза и липогенеза на мезентериалната мастна тъкан, и метаболитна дисрегулация [50]
Повлияване при наднормено тегло чрез намаляване на генната експресия на маркери за адипогенеза и синтез на мазнини, намалява висцералните мазнини [50]
Референции:
[1] Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber; Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2018 https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy005
[2] Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications; Foods 2019, 8(3), 92; Probiotics and Functional Foods https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092
[3] Neuroprotective Potential of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: An Overview of Experimental Evidence, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 23 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.712531
[4] Food Oligosaccharides. Production, Analysis and Bioactivity by F. Javier Moreno and María Luz Sanz, Preface; May 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118817360.ch6
[5] Antioxidant Vitamins and Prebiotic FOS and XOS Differentially Shift Microbiota Composition and Function and Improve Intestinal Epithelial Barrier In Vitro; Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1125; Micronutrients and Human Health https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041125
[7] Short-chain fatty acids activate acetyltransferase p300; eLife 2021;10:e72171 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72171
[8] Impaired barrier function by dietary fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in rats is accompanied by increased colonic mitochondrial gene expression, BMC Genomics Published online 2008 Mar 27 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-144
[9] Saad N, Delattre C, Urdaci M, Schmitter J M, Bressollier P. An overview of the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field. LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2013;50:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.014
[10] Charalampopoulos D, Rastall R A. Prebiotics in foods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2012;23:187-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.028
[11] Sabater-Molina, M, Larqué, E, Torrella, F, Zamora, S. Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistr, 2009;65:315-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.028
[12] Lorenzoni, A S G, Aydos, L F, Klein, M P, Rodrigues, R C, Hertz, P F. Fructooligosaccharides synthesis by highly stable immobilized β-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2014;103:193-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03180584
[13] Bruzzese, E, Volpicelli, M, Squeglia, V, Bruzzese, D, Salvini, F, Bisceglia, M, Lionetti,P, Cinquetti, M, Iacono, G, Amarri, S, Guarino, A. A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: An observational study. Clinical Nutrition. 2009;28:156-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.008
[14] Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health, M. Sabater-Molina, E. Larqué, F. Torrella & S. Zamora, Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry volume 65, pages 315–328 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03180584
[37] Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study by Jieping Yang, Paula H. Summanen, Susanne M. Henning, Mark Hsu, Heiman Lam, Jianjun Huang, Chi-Hong Tseng, Scot E. Dowd, Sydney M. Finegold, David Heber and Zhaoping Li; 7, 07 August 2015 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00216
[38] Xylo-Oligosaccharides, Preparation and Application to Human and Animal Health: A Review by Yuxia Chen, Yining Xie, Kolapo M. Ajuwon, Ruqing Zhong, Tao Li, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang, Yves Beckers2 and Nadia Everaert; Frontiers in Physiology, 08 September 2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.731930
[39] Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects by Shyh-Hsiang Lin, Liang-Mao Chou, Yi-Wen Chien, Jung-Su Chang and Ching-I Lin, Academic Editor: Helieh Oz; Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair: Role of Microbiome, Infection, and Nutrition< Volume 2016, Article ID 5789232 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5789232
[40] Effect of probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation on nutrient digestibility, intestinal health and noxious gas emission in weanling pigs by J B Liu, S C Cao, J Liu, Y N Xie, H F Zhang; Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) 2018; 31(10): 1660-1669. Published online: April 12, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0908
[41] Antimicrobial activity of acidic xylo-oligosaccharides produced by family 10 and 11 endoxylanases by P Christakopoulos , P Katapodis, E Kalogeris, D Kekos, B J Macris, H Stamatis, H Skaltsa; International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 31, Issues 4–5, 15 January 2003, Pages 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(02)00079-X
[42] Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) as an Emerging Prebiotic: Microbial Synthesis, Utilization, Structural Characterization, Bioactive Properties, and Applications by Ayyappan Appukuttan Aachary, Siddalingaiya Gurudutt Prapulla; Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Volume10, Issue1, January 2011, Pages 2-16 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00135.x
[43] Dietary supplemental xylooligosaccharide modulates nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in laying hens by Jianmin Zhou, Shugeng Wu, Guanghai Qi, Yu Fu, Weiwei Wang, Haijun Zhang, Jing Wang; Animal Nutrition Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 152-162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.010
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[46] Prebiotic effect of xylooligosaccharides produced from birchwood xylan by a novel fungal GH11 xylanase by Manuel Nieto-Domínguez, Laura I. de Eugenio, María J. York-Durán, Barbara Rodríguez-Colinas, Francisco J. Plou, Empar Chenoll, Ester Pardo, Francisco Codoñer, María Jesús Martínez; Food Chemistry, Volume 232, 1 October 2017, Pages 105-113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.149
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[49] Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus by Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu, I-Te Lee, Wei Chen, Yin-Ching Chan; Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo), 2008 Oct;54(5):396-401. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.54.396
[50] Xylobiose Prevents High-Fat Diet Induced Mice Obesity by Suppressing Mesenteric Fat Deposition and Metabolic Dysregulation by Soo-min Lim, Eunju Kim, Jae-Ho Shin, Pu Reum Seok, Sangwon Jung, Sang-Ho Yoo and Yuri Kim; Molecules. 2018 Mar; 23(3): 705. Published online 2018 Mar 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030705