Ксило-Олигозахариди (XOS)
Ксило-Олигозахаридите (XOS) са пребиотични фибри, намиращи се в естествени източници, но в недостатъчна концентрация за всички пребиотични ефекти [1][2]. НАТВИ Хелткеър използва Ксило-Олигозахариди (XOS) в своите продукти, произведени чрез ензимен биосинтез на ксилан от царевичен кочан, позволявайки максималната концентрация от най-малко 95%.
IMO са въглехидрати, които са класифицирани като несмилаеми Олигозахариди (NDO) [3]. NDOs представляват една от най-важните съставки в храните, осигурявайки не само важна хранителна стойност и органолептично качество, но и функционални свойства, полезни за човешкото здраве и благополучие [4].
Ксило-Олигозахаридите (XOS) не се усвояват от човешките ензими, а се ферментират от пробиотиците в дебелото черво, като селективно поддържат растежа предимно на Lactobacillus и Bifidobacterium [5][37][38]. Допълнителни положителни ефекти са увеличаване количеството на полезните бактерии като Faecalibacterium prausnitzii и Akkermansia muciniphila, както и потискане растежа на патогенните Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Bacteroides, Campylobacter и Actinomyces [38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Ферментацията на XOS води до множество метаболити, от които основната група са късоверижните мастни киселини (SCFA) и най-вече повишено производство на ацетат, пропионат и бутират [48]. SCFAs играят решаваща роля за човешкото здраве [7].
Ползи от XOS:
Модулиране на стомашно-чревната микробиота, стимулиране на пробиотичния растеж [8][38]
Намалено чревно рН [9][38]
Увеличаване нивата на SCFA [9]
Инхибиране на патогени в чревната микрофлора [10] [11] [12] [13][38]
Намаляване на кръвната захар, серумните липиди и холестерола [49]
Подобрено усвояване на минерали и витамини [10] [11][14] [49]
Подобряване на имунната функция и имунологичните свойства, с имуномодулиращ ефект [38][45]
Антитуморни ефекти [38]
Антиоксидантни ефекти [38]
Подобрява функцията на червата [45]
Противовъзпалително и антиалергично действие [45]
Ефект при възстановяването и заздравяването на чревната лигавица, и подобряване на симптомите на дебелото черво при улцерозен колит (UC), и възпалителните заболявания на червата (IBD) [47]
Редуцира натрупването на мазнини в черния дроб, адипогенеза и липогенеза на мезентериалната мастна тъкан, и метаболитна дисрегулация [50]
Повлияване при наднормено тегло чрез намаляване на генната експресия на маркери за адипогенеза и синтез на мазнини, намалява висцералните мазнини [50]
Референции:
[1] Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber; Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2018 https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy005
[2] Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications; Foods 2019, 8(3), 92; Probiotics and Functional Foods https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092
[3] Neuroprotective Potential of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: An Overview of Experimental Evidence, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 23 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.712531
[4] Food Oligosaccharides. Production, Analysis and Bioactivity by F. Javier Moreno and María Luz Sanz, Preface; May 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118817360.ch6
[5] Antioxidant Vitamins and Prebiotic FOS and XOS Differentially Shift Microbiota Composition and Function and Improve Intestinal Epithelial Barrier In Vitro; Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1125; Micronutrients and Human Health https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041125
[7] Short-chain fatty acids activate acetyltransferase p300; eLife 2021;10:e72171 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72171
[8] Impaired barrier function by dietary fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in rats is accompanied by increased colonic mitochondrial gene expression, BMC Genomics Published online 2008 Mar 27 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-144
[9] Saad N, Delattre C, Urdaci M, Schmitter J M, Bressollier P. An overview of the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field. LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2013;50:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.014
[10] Charalampopoulos D, Rastall R A. Prebiotics in foods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2012;23:187-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.028
[11] Sabater-Molina, M, Larqué, E, Torrella, F, Zamora, S. Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistr, 2009;65:315-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.028
[12] Lorenzoni, A S G, Aydos, L F, Klein, M P, Rodrigues, R C, Hertz, P F. Fructooligosaccharides synthesis by highly stable immobilized β-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2014;103:193-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03180584
[13] Bruzzese, E, Volpicelli, M, Squeglia, V, Bruzzese, D, Salvini, F, Bisceglia, M, Lionetti,P, Cinquetti, M, Iacono, G, Amarri, S, Guarino, A. A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: An observational study. Clinical Nutrition. 2009;28:156-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.008
[14] Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health, M. Sabater-Molina, E. Larqué, F. Torrella & S. Zamora, Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry volume 65, pages 315–328 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03180584
[37] Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study by Jieping Yang, Paula H. Summanen, Susanne M. Henning, Mark Hsu, Heiman Lam, Jianjun Huang, Chi-Hong Tseng, Scot E. Dowd, Sydney M. Finegold, David Heber and Zhaoping Li; 7, 07 August 2015 https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00216
[38] Xylo-Oligosaccharides, Preparation and Application to Human and Animal Health: A Review by Yuxia Chen, Yining Xie, Kolapo M. Ajuwon, Ruqing Zhong, Tao Li, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang, Yves Beckers2 and Nadia Everaert; Frontiers in Physiology, 08 September 2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.731930
[39] Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects by Shyh-Hsiang Lin, Liang-Mao Chou, Yi-Wen Chien, Jung-Su Chang and Ching-I Lin, Academic Editor: Helieh Oz; Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair: Role of Microbiome, Infection, and Nutrition< Volume 2016, Article ID 5789232 https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5789232
[40] Effect of probiotics and xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation on nutrient digestibility, intestinal health and noxious gas emission in weanling pigs by J B Liu, S C Cao, J Liu, Y N Xie, H F Zhang; Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (AJAS) 2018; 31(10): 1660-1669. Published online: April 12, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0908
[41] Antimicrobial activity of acidic xylo-oligosaccharides produced by family 10 and 11 endoxylanases by P Christakopoulos , P Katapodis, E Kalogeris, D Kekos, B J Macris, H Stamatis, H Skaltsa; International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Volume 31, Issues 4–5, 15 January 2003, Pages 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(02)00079-X
[42] Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) as an Emerging Prebiotic: Microbial Synthesis, Utilization, Structural Characterization, Bioactive Properties, and Applications by Ayyappan Appukuttan Aachary, Siddalingaiya Gurudutt Prapulla; Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Volume10, Issue1, January 2011, Pages 2-16 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00135.x
[43] Dietary supplemental xylooligosaccharide modulates nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota in laying hens by Jianmin Zhou, Shugeng Wu, Guanghai Qi, Yu Fu, Weiwei Wang, Haijun Zhang, Jing Wang; Animal Nutrition Volume 7, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 152-162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.010
[44] Xylo-oligosaccharides inhibit pathogen adhesion to enterocytes in vitro by Tine Ebersbach, Jens BoAndersen, AndersBergström, Robert W.Hutkins, Tine RaskLicht; Research in Microbiology, Volume 163, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 22-27 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2011.10.003
[45] Xylo-oligosaccharides from lignocellulosic materials: chemical structure, health benefits and production by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis by Carvalho, A. F. A.,; Oliva Neto, P. de Silva; D. F. da Pastore G. M.; Food Research International 2013 Vol.51 No.1 pp.75-85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.11.021
[46] Prebiotic effect of xylooligosaccharides produced from birchwood xylan by a novel fungal GH11 xylanase by Manuel Nieto-Domínguez, Laura I. de Eugenio, María J. York-Durán, Barbara Rodríguez-Colinas, Francisco J. Plou, Empar Chenoll, Ester Pardo, Francisco Codoñer, María Jesús Martínez; Food Chemistry, Volume 232, 1 October 2017, Pages 105-113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.149
[47] A new treatment for ulcerative colitis: Intracolonic Bifidobacterium and xyloglucan application by Huseyin Sancar Bozkurt, Banu Kara; European Journal of Inflammation, Volume: 18, July 16, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1177/2058739220942626
[48] The High Level of Xylooligosaccharides Improves Growth Performance in Weaned Piglets by Increasing Antioxidant Activity, Enhancing Immune Function, and Modulating Gut Microbiota by Jiaman Pang, Xingjian Zhou, Hao Ye, Yujun Wu, Zhenyu Wang, Dongdong Lu, Junjun Wang1and Dandan Han; Frontiers in Physiology, 06 December 2021 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.764556
[49] Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus by Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu, I-Te Lee, Wei Chen, Yin-Ching Chan; Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo), 2008 Oct;54(5):396-401. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.54.396
[50] Xylobiose Prevents High-Fat Diet Induced Mice Obesity by Suppressing Mesenteric Fat Deposition and Metabolic Dysregulation by Soo-min Lim, Eunju Kim, Jae-Ho Shin, Pu Reum Seok, Sangwon Jung, Sang-Ho Yoo and Yuri Kim; Molecules. 2018 Mar; 23(3): 705. Published online 2018 Mar 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030705
