Галакто-Олигозахариди (GOS)
GOS са въглехидрати, които са класифицирани като несмилаеми Олигозахариди (NDO) [3]. NDOs представляват една от най-важните съставки в храните, осигурявайки не само важна хранителна стойност и органолептично качество, но и функционални свойства, полезни за човешкото здраве и благополучие [4].
Галакто-Олигозахаридите (GOS) не се усвояват от човешките ензими, а се ферментират от пробиотиците в дебелото черво, като селективно поддържат растежа предимно на Lactobacillus и Bifidobacterium [26]. Допълнителни положителни ефекти са увеличаване количеството на полезни бактерии като Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Akkermansia muciniphila и Roseburia intestinalis [20], както и потискане растежа на патогенните Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacteroides и Clostridium, както и на микотичните патогени от род Candida [20][27][28][29][32]. Ферментацията на GOS води до множество метаболитити от които основната група са късоверижните мастни киселини (SCFA) и най-вече повишено производство на пропионат и бутират [6]. SCFAs играят решаваща роля за човешкото здраве [7].
Ползи от GOS:
Модулиране на стомашно-чревната микробиота, стимулиране на пробиотичен растеж [9][20][26]
Намалено чревно рН [9]
Увеличаване нивата на SCFA [6][9]
Инхибиране на патогени в чревната микрофлора [10][13][20][27][28][31]
Подобряване на липидният профил, включително намаляване на серумния/плазмения общ холестерол, LDL холестерол и триглицериди, повишава нивата на HDL холестерола, намалява маркерите при метаболитен синдром [34][35]
Подобрено усвояване на минерали и витамини [10][31]
Профилактика на чревни инфекции и извънчревни инфекции [30]
Регулиране на чревната имунна система и укрепване на чревната бариера, положителен ефект върху имунните отговори [26][29][31]
Предотвратява колоректален рак [31][36]
Модулиране функцията на червата [33]
Ефекти при чревни заболявания като възпалително заболяване на червата (IBD), улцерозен колит (UC) и синдром на раздразнените черва (IBS) [36]
Предотвратяване на затлъстяването и наднорменото тегло [36]
Предотвратяване на некротизиращ ентероколит (NEC) [37]
Намалява риска от атопичен дерматит и екземи [37]
Референции:
[1] Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber; Current Developments in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2018 https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy005
[2] Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications; Foods 2019, 8(3), 92; Probiotics and Functional Foods https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092
[3] Neuroprotective Potential of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: An Overview of Experimental Evidence, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 23 August 2021https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.712531
[4] Food Oligosaccharides. Production, Analysis and Bioactivity by F. Javier Moreno and María Luz Sanz, Preface; May 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118817360.ch6
[6] Fermentation of prebiotics by human colonic microbiota in vitro and short-chain fatty acids production: a critical review by T.J. Ashaolu, J.O. Ashaolu, S.A.O. Adeyeye; Journal of Applied Mycrobiology, Volume130, Issue3, March 2021, Pages 677-687 https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14843
[7] Short-chain fatty acids activate acetyltransferase p300; eLife 2021;10:e72171 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72171
[9] Saad N, Delattre C, Urdaci M, Schmitter J M, Bressollier P. An overview of the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field. LWT – Food Science and Technology, 2013;50:1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.014
[10] Charalampopoulos D, Rastall R A. Prebiotics in foods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2012;23:187-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.12.028
[13] Bruzzese, E, Volpicelli, M, Squeglia, V, Bruzzese, D, Salvini, F, Bisceglia, M, Lionetti,P, Cinquetti, M, Iacono, G, Amarri, S, Guarino, A. A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: An observational study. Clinical Nutrition. 2009;28:156-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.008
[20] Functional Oligosaccharides: Chemicals Structure, Manufacturing, Health Benefits, Applications and Regulations by Osama O. Ibrahim; Functional Oligosaccharides: Chemicals Structure, Manufacturing, Health Benefits, Applications and Regulations; Journal of Food Chemistry & Nanotechnology https://doi.org/10.17756/jfcn.2018-060
[26] Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics by Glenn R. Gibson, Hollie M. Probert, Jan Van Loo, Robert A. Rastall and Marcel B. Roberfroid; Nutrition Research Reviews (2004), 17, 259–275 https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200479
[27] Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics by Glenn R. Gibson, Hollie M. Probert, Jan Van Loo, Robert A. Rastall and Marcel B. Roberfroid; Food Microbial Sciences Unit, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, Reading, UK https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200479
[28] High purity galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) enhance specific Bifidobacterium species and their metabolic activity in the mouse gut microbiome by A. Monteagudo-Mera, J.C. Arthur, C. Jobin, T. Keku, J.M. Bruno-Barcena and M.A Azcarate-Peril; Benef Microbes. 2016; 7(2): 247–264. Published online 2016 Feb 3. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2015.0114
[29] Galactooligosaccharides: Novel Components of Designer Foods by Vikas Sangwan, S.K. Tomar, R.R.B. Singh, A.K. Singh, Babar Ali; Journal of Food Science Volume 76, Issue 4, Pages: viii-vii, R103-T124 May 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02131.x
[30] A formula containing galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections: An observational study by Eugenia Bruzzese, Monica Volpicelli, Veronica Squeglia, Dario Bruzzese, Filippo Salvini, Massimo Bisceglia, Paolo Lionetti, Mario Cinquetti, Giuseppe Iacono, Sergio Amarri h, Alfredo Guarinoa; Clinical Nutrition 28 (2009), Pages 156–161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.008
[31] Prebiotic–Probiotic Relationship: The Genetic Fundamentals of Polysaccharides Conversion by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus Genera byPenka Petrova and Kaloyan Petrov; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; Food Bioconversion, Chapter 7 (pp.237-278), July 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811413-1.00007-3
[32] Sangwan, V, Tomar, S K, Ali, B, Singh, R R B, Singh, A K. Galactooligosaccharides reduce infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes and modulate IgG and IgA levels in mice. International Dairy Journal. 2015;41:58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.09.010
[33] Galacto-oligosaccharides and bowel function by Leena Niittynen, Kajsa Kajander and Riitta Korpela; Scand J Food Nutr. 2007 Jun; 51(2): 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701414596
[34] Effect of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides on Serum Lipid
Profile of Hypercholesterolemics by Arooj Hashmi, Naureen Naeem, Zubair Farooq, Saima Masood, Sanaullah Iqbal, Rahat Naseer; Published in Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins March 2016, 8:19–30 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-016-9206-1
[35] A Mixture of trans-Galactooligosaccharides Reduces Markers of Metabolic Syndrome and Modulates the Fecal Microbiota and Immune Function of Overweight Adults by Jelena Vulevic, Aleksandra Juric, George Tzortzis, Glenn R. Gibson Author Notes; The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 143, Issue 3, March 2013, Pages 324–331, https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.166132
[36] Healthy effects of prebiotics and their metabolites against intestinal diseases and colorectal cancer by Javier Fernández, Sául Redondo-Blanco, Elisa M. Miguélez, Claudio J. Villar, Alfonso Clemente, and Felipe Lombó; AIMS Microbiology, 1(1): 48-71. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2015.1.48
[37] Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications by Dorna Davani-Davari, Manica Negahdaripour, Iman Karimzadeh, Mostafa Seifan, Milad Mohkam, Seyed Jalil Masoumi, Aydin Berenjian and Younes Ghasemi. Foods 2019, 8, 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8030092
